Fabian Dirscherl

Based on a novel definition of citation (which eschews any reference to faithfulness), we propose four basic kinds of speech and thought presentations: citing, referring, mixed, and unspecific presentations. We discuss the variants and different forms of each kind with respect to the realms of speech and thought. This classification system differs from previous ones (for instance, Leech & Short 1981 and its modifications by Short and collaborators) by providing definitions for the four kinds of presentations on a purely semantic level and by establishing the mixed kind of presentation as a basic one (mixtures of direct and indirect speech belong to this kind as well as 'erlebte Rede', i.e., free indirect discourse, a much-discussed form of thought presentation).